ํ”„๋กœ๊ทธ๋ž˜๋ฐ/React JS

[React] 19 ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ์‚ฌํ•ญ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ

์šฉ๋‡ฝ 2024. 5. 15. 18:40
๋ฐ˜์‘ํ˜•

[React] 19 ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ ํ•ต์‹ฌ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ์‚ฌํ•ญ ์‚ดํŽด๋ณด๊ธฐ

๐Ÿ“– ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ

ํ˜„์žฌ React 19 ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝ์‚ฌํ•ญ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์ง€๋งŒ ์ด๋ฒˆ ํฌ์ŠคํŒ…์—์„œ๋Š” ํ•ต์‹ฌ ๋‚ด์šฉ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ํฌ์ŠคํŒ…ํ•˜๋ ค ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

์ฆ‰, ๊ธฐ์กด์—๋Š” ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ 19 ๋ฒ„์ „์ด ๋„์ž…๋˜๋ฉด์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋ช‡ ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ๋“ค์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•˜๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

ํ˜„์žฌ 2024๋…„ 5์›” 15์ผ ๊ธฐ์ค€์œผ๋กœ ๋ฆฌ์•กํŠธ 19๋ฒ„์ „์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด๋ณด๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์นด๋‚˜๋ฆฌ ๋ฒ„์ „์„ ์„ค์น˜ํ•˜์—ฌ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

npm i react@canary react-dom@canary
or
yarn add react@canary react-dom@canary

React Compoiler

19 ๋ฒ„์ „์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฐ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์€ ๋ฆฌ์•กํŠธ ์ปดํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฌ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

๋ฆฌ์•กํŠธ ์ปดํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฌ๋Š” ๋ฆฌ์•กํŠธ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋ฐ˜ ์ž๋ฐ”์Šคํฌ๋ฆฝํŠธ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋กœ ๋ณ€ํ™˜ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

์ฃผ์š” ์ด์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ „๋ฐ˜์ ์ธ ์•ฑ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์„ ํ–ฅ์ƒ ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ง€๋งŒ ๋” ์ข‹์€ ์ ์€ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœ์ž๊ฐ€ ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งŽ์€ ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์„ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

๊ธฐ์กด์—๋Š” ๋ถˆํ•„์š”ํ•œ ๋ Œ๋”๋ง์„ ์ค„์ด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์ด์ œ์ด์…˜(Memoization)์„ ์œ„ํ•œ useCallback, useMemo, memo์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

์ด ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์ด์ œ์ด์…˜ ์ž์ฒด๋„ ๋‚จ๋ฐœํ•˜๋ฉด ์˜คํžˆ๋ ค ์„ฑ๋Šฅ์ด ์ €ํ•˜๋˜์–ด์„œ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š” ์ž…์žฅ์—์„œ ์ด ๊ธฐ์ค€์„ ๋ช…ํ™•ํžˆ ์žก๋Š”๋ฐ ๊ณ ๋ฏผ์ด ํ•„์š”ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ๋ฆฌ์•กํŠธ ์ปดํŒŒ์ผ๋Ÿฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž๋™์œผ๋กœ ๋ฆฌ์•กํŠธ ์ฝ”๋“œ๋ฅผ ์ตœ์ ํ™”ํ•˜์—ฌ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๋ฌธ์ œ๋กœ ๊ณ ๋ฏผํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์ค„์–ด๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

์ฆ‰ ์œ„์—์„œ ์–ธํผํ•œ ๋ฉ”๋ชจ์ด์ œ์ด์…˜์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ํ›…๋“ค์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

forwardRef

์•ž์œผ๋กœ forwardRef๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

// 19 ์ด์ „

function App() {
  const buttonRef = useRef();

  const onButtonClick = () => console.log(buttonRef.current);

  return (
    <button ref={buttonRef} onClick={onButtonClick}>
      ํด๋ฆญ
    </button>
  );
}

const Button = forwardRef((props, ref) => {
  return <button ref={ref} {...props} />;
});

๊ธฐ์กด์—๋Š” Ref๋ฅผ ์ž์‹ ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋จผ์ € Ref๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“  ๋‹ค์Œ ๋ฐ›๋Š” ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ์—์„œ๋Š” forwardRef๋ฅผ ๊ฐ์‹ผ ํ›„ ref props๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

// 19 ์ดํ›„

function App() {
  const buttonRef = useRef();

  const onButtonClick = () => console.log(buttonRef.current);

  return (
    <button ref={buttonRef} onClick={onButtonClick}>
      ํด๋ฆญ
    </button>
  );
}

const Button = ({ ref, ...props }) => {
  return <button ref={ref} {...props} />;
};

์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ ์ดํ›„์—๋Š” ์œ„ ์ฝ”๋“œ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ forwadRef๋กœ ๊ฐ์‹ธ์ง€ ์•Š์•„๋„ props๋กœ ref๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

use() hook

๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋น„๋™๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ˜ธ์ถœํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” use() hook์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

use() hoook์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋ฉด promise์™€ context๋ฅผ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

์ฆ‰, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ ๋ชฉ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” hook์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

๊ธฐ์กด์— ์„œ๋ฒ„ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ fetching ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด useEffect๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ ,

React context์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด useContext()๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Fetch data - useEffect()

function Person() {
  const [person, setPerson] = useState(null);

  useEffect(() => {
    fetchPerson().then((data) => setPerson(data));
  }, []);

  if (!person) return <h1>๋ถˆ๋Ÿฌ์˜ค๋Š” ์ค‘...</h1>;

  return <h1>{person.name}</h1>;
}

useEffect() ๋‚ด๋ถ€์—์„œ API ์š”์ฒญ์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ useState๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธํ•ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋˜ํ•œ, ๋กœ๋”ฉ ๋ฐ ์—๋Ÿฌ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ  ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰์œผ๋กœ UI๋ฅผ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์ฃ .

Fetch data - use()

function Person() {
  const person = use(fetchPerson());

  return <h1>{person.name}</h1>;
}

function App() {
  return (
    <Suspense fallback={<h1>Loading...</h1>}>
      <Person />
    </Suspense>
  );
}

use() hook์€ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ promise๋ฅผ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•˜๋Š” ํ•จ์ˆ˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฆฌ์•กํŠธ์˜ Suspense ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ค๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ์˜ UI๋ฅผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๊ณ , promise๊ฐ€ resolve ๋˜๋ฉด ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ๋ฐ์ดํ„ฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Read context - useContext()

const UserContext = createContext();

function User() {
  const user = useContext(UserContext);
  return <h1>์•ˆ๋…• {user.name}!</h1>;
}

function App() {
  return (
    <UserContext.Provider value={{ name: "Yongveloper" }}>
      <User />
    </UserContext.Provider>
  );
}

context์— ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ useContext()๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” conetext๋ฅผ ์ƒ์„ฑํ•œ ํ›„ ๋„ฃ์–ด์„œ ์ ‘๊ทผํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋˜ํ•œ, ์ ‘๊ทผํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ํ•ด๋‹น Conext Provider๋กœ wrapping์ด ๋˜์–ด์žˆ์–ด์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Read context  - use()

const UserContext = createContext();

function User() {
  const user = use(UserContext);
  return <h1>์•ˆ๋…• {user.name}!</h1>;
}

function App() {
  return (
    <UserContext value={{ name: "Yongveloper" }}>
      <User />
    </UserContext>
  );
}

useConext() ๋Œ€์‹ ์— use() hook์œผ๋กœ ๋Œ€์ฒดํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋˜ํ•œ, Context.Provider ๋Œ€์‹  Context๋ฅผ ํ”„๋กœ๋ฐ”์ด๋”๋กœ์„œ ๋ Œ๋”๋ง ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

์ง€์‹œ๋ฌธ(Directives)

19 ๋ฒ„์ „์— ์ง€์‹œ๋ฌธ์„ ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

์ตœ๊ทผ์— Next.js๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด ๋ณด์…จ๋‹ค๋ฉด ์ด๋ฏธ ๋ณธ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์„ ๊ฑฐ์˜ˆ์š”.

 

์ง€์‹œ๋ฌธ์€ ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ ํŒŒ์ผ์˜ ์ƒ๋‹จ์— ์ถ”๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ž์—ด์ผ ๋ฟ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์—์„œ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ๋ฆฌ์•กํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ๊ฑด์ง€('use clinet'), ์„œ๋ฒ„๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋ฆฌ์•กํŠธ๋ฅผ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ๊ฑด์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.('use server')

Actions

 form์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ์‰ฝ๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์•„์ฃผ ์œ ์šฉํ•œ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

function formAction(formData) {}

<form action={formAction}>

 

<form>, <input>, <button> ์š”์†Œ์— action๊ณผ formAction ํ”„๋กœํผํ‹ฐ๋กœ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ „๋‹ฌํ•˜๋Š” ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ด ์ถ”๊ฐ€๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

๋ฆฌ์•กํŠธ 19์—์„œ๋Š” ์„œ๋ฒ„๋‚˜ ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ์—์„œ ์‹คํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

Clinet Actions

'use client';

function App() {
  function formAction(formData) {
    alert('type:' + formData.get('name'));
  }

  return (
    <form action={formAction}>
      <input type="text" name="name" />
      <button type="submit">Submit</button>
    </form>
  );
}

ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ์—์„œ์˜ ์‚ฌ์šฉ ์˜ˆ์ œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

  1. ์ƒ๋‹จ์— ํด๋ผ์ด์–ธํŠธ ์ปดํฌ๋„ŒํŠธ์ธ์ง€ ์•Œ๋ ค์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  2. form์˜ action์— action ์ž‘์„ฑํ•˜์—ฌ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
  3. formData๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ input์˜ value๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

useActionState()

import {useActionState} from 'react'

 

useActionState() hook์€ ์•ก์…˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์„ค์ •ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

const [state, formAction] = useActionState(action, null);

// const [state, formAction] = useActionState(fn, initialState, permalink?);

 

import { useActionState } from "react"; // not react-dom

function Form({ formAction }) {
  const [state, action, isPending] = useActionState(formAction);

  return (
    <form action={action}>
      <input type="email" name="email" disabled={isPending} />
      <button type="submit" disabled={isPending}>
        Submit
      </button>
      {state.errorMessage && <p>{state.errorMessage}</p>}
    </form>
  );
}

useActionState์—์„œ ํ˜„์žฌ ์ƒํƒœ, ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์•ก์…˜ ํ•จ์ˆ˜, ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ ์ค‘ ์—ฌ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

useActionState()๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋” ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ form์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

useOptimistic()

์ž‘์—… ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์„ฑ๊ณตํ–ˆ๋“  ์•„๋‹ˆ๋“  ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ž‘์—… ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์ข‹์€ ์‚ฌ์šฉ์ž ๊ฒฝํ—˜์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

์ด ๋ฌธ์ œ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋‚™๊ด€์  ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ํ–‰ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

import { useOptimistic } from 'react';

function AppContainer() {
  const [optimisticState, addOptimistic] = useOptimistic(
    state,
    // updateFn
    (currentState, optimisticValue) => {
      // merge and return new state
      // with optimistic value
    }
  );
}

 

์ด๋ฒˆ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ์—์„œ useOptimistic() hook์œผ๋กœ ํŽธ๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

function ChatApp() {
  const [messages, setMessages] = useState([]);

  const [optimisticMessage, addOptimisticMessage] = useOptimistic(
    messages,
    (state, newMessage) => [...state, { text: newMessage, sending: true }]
  );

  async function formAction(formData) {
    const message = formData.get('message');
    addOptimisticMessage(message);
    const createMessage = await createMessage(message);
    setMessages((messages) => [...messages, { text: createMessage }]);
  }
  //...
}

์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋ฉด ์„œ๋ฒ„์˜ ์‘๋‹ต์„ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ ์ƒํƒœ์— ์ƒˆ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ณ  ์™„๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ๋˜๋ฉด ์ž„์‹œ ์ƒํƒœ๋ฅผ ์‹ค์ œ ์„œ๋ฒ„์—์„œ ๋ฐ›์•„์˜จ ์ƒํƒœ๋กœ ๋ณ€๊ฒฝํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก ๊ฐ€๋Šฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๐Ÿ“• ๋งˆ๋ฌด๋ฆฌ

์ด๋ฒˆ ๋ฆฌ์•กํŠธ 19 ๋ฒ„์ „ ์ •์‹ ์—…๋ฐ์ดํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง ๊ธฐ๋Œ€๋˜๋Š” ์ƒํ™ฉ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์•ž์œผ๋กœ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๋ฉด์„œ ์ž์ฃผ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋  ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ํ•ต์‹ฌ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋Š๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์ •๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๋ดค์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

์œ„์—์„œ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค ์™ธ์—๋„ ์œ ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐœ์„ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ง ๋งŽ์•„์„œ ๊ณต์‹ ๋ฌธ์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ผญ ํ™•์ธํ•ด ๋ณด์‹œ๊ธธ ๊ถŒ์žฅ๋“œ๋ฆฝ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

 

์ฐธ๊ณ :

 

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